In this case an aliph sign is always put first before the vowel mark to signify that the vowel is on its own and not modifying a constant eg in the phrase 'Oh man' the Oh is written as the o marked below. Identify the following vowels. Note the first one is a as in 'U'nder.
The last one on the left is an ae (as in age) . It is used instead of the other ae when the vowel is on its own eg A cat sat . The first ae is used when the vowel joins the next letter as in ek (one)
If we take away the aliph sign in the figure below we get the pure vowel marks as they are written in the middle of a word. Make sure you can tell the difference between ae and big eee ( there is an extra zabar at the bottom for eee). Between u and big ooo and between ooo and au ( au has a zabar on top ). It is important to get up and cram these vowel marks as they make the language very easy to read once you have done that.
*As in Hindi the nasal n as in the word song is marked with a dot over the letter.*
The S can be confused with SH which we will see later , so look at it closely. Identify the four forms of each letter depending on whether it comes at the beginning ( second right on your screen) , middle or final (leftmost )
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Looking at the above figure and keeping the sign of the aa vowel ( just a vertical line ) , and keeping in mind where the letter comes in the word ,can you read your first sentence in Urdu ? It has a final form of the ee which you have not met before ( in the word KI below). Also note the little omega sign at the top of B in ABBA is a doubler ie it means you have to say B twice , the first B is half pronounced
Do you know what the above - Aap ke Abba ki Kitab - means ? It says this book belongs to your father . Abba is urdu for father . Aap means you and kitab is book. Note also that the two dots for the soft te in Kitab are placed well above the line.
The answers are
Note that the soft Te in TOTA above , although when the same amrk is put in its little form above a line it makes the hard T as in Turkey. The unlabelled figure is of course the English word TENT.
As in the figure above you may notice a letter ( in this case the soft t in the word tota - the tongue is inbetween the sound t and th - ie in soft t it is placed on top of the upper teeth) you have not come across before and may have to guess its sound.